Infección por el SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes hipertensos, revisión no sistemática
Palabras clave:
SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 grave, hipertensión arterial, enzima convertidora de angiotensina 2, sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, fármacos antihipertensivos.Resumen
Introducción:
La hipertensión arterial es la comorbilidad cardiovascular más prevalente, en los pacientes infectados, por la COVID-19.
Objetivo:
Describir los mecanismos de la hipertensión arterial, con la gravedad de la infección viral por SARS-CoV-2.
Métodos:
Las bases de datos seleccionadas fueron: PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online, Scielo y Google Académico. Se realizó una revisión independiente y se propusieron 50 referencias. No se pusieron restricciones en cuanto al tipo de trabajo, en idioma español e inglés. Se seleccionaron 44 referencias de la propuesta inicial, por mayoría simple.
Conclusiones:
La hipertensión arterial aumenta el riesgo de hospitalización y muerte, por la COVID-19. Se explica la enfermedad e infección por SARS-CoV-2 que coexiste con la hipertensión, entre los que se destacan el papel de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina 2, los trastornos del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, la disfunción inmune con excesiva inflamación y la disfunción gastrointestinal.
Descargas
Citas
Gallo G, Calvez V, Savoia C. Hypertension and COVID-19: Current Evidence and Perspectives. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev[Internet]. 2022[citado 8 May 2023]; 29(2):115–23. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8858218/pdf/40292_2022_Article_506.pdf
Navarrete-Mejía PJ, Lizaraso-Soto FA, Velasco-Guerrero JC, Loro-Chero LM. Diabetes mellitus e hipertensión arterial como factor de riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes con Covid-19. Rev Cuerpo Med HNAAA [Internet]. 2021 [citado 8 May 2023];13(4):361-5. Disponible en: http://cmhnaaa.org.pe/ojs/index.php/rcmhnaaa/article/view/766
Montaño Ramírez LM, Flores-Soto E. COVID-19 y su asociación con los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina y los antagonistas de los receptores para angiotensina II. Rev. Fac Med (Méx.) [Internet]. 2020 Ago [citado 8 May 2023 ] ; 63( 4 ): 30-4. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0026-17422020000400030&lng=es.
Gerotziafas GT, Catalano M, Colgan MP, Pecsvarady Z, Wautrecht JC, Fazeli B, et al. Guidance for the Management of Patients with Vascular Disease or Cardiovascular Risk Factors and COVID-19: Position Paper from VAS-European Independent Foundation in Angiology/Vascular Medicine. Thromb Haemost[Internet]. 2020[citado 2022 Abr 26]; 120(12): 1597–628. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7869052/pdf/10-1055-s-0040-1715798.pdf
Sheppard JP, Nicholson BD, Lee J, McGagh D, Sherlock J, Koshiaris C, et al. Association Between Blood Pressure Control and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outcomes in 45 418 Symptomatic Patients With Hypertension: An Observational Cohort Study. Hypertension[Internet]. 2021 [citado 2022 Abr 26]; 77(3): 846–55. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7884248/pdf/hyp-77-846.pdf
Mahamat-Saleh Y, Fiolet T, Rebeaud ME, Mulot M, Guihur A, Fatouhi DE, et al. Diabetes, hypertension, body mass index, smoking and COVID-19-related mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ Open[Internet]. 2021[citado 26 Abr 2023];11:e052777. Disponible en: https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/97184/2/Diabetes%2c%20hypertension%2c%20body%20mass%20index%2c%20smoking%20and%20COVID-19-related%20mortality%20a%20systematic%20review%20and%20meta-analysis%20of%20obs.pdf
Dorjee K, Kim H, Bonomo E, Dolma R. Prevalence and predictors of death and severe disease in patients hospitalized due toCOVID-19: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of 77 studies and 38,000patients.PLoS ONE[Internet]. 2020[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 15(12):e0243191. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7721151/pdf/pone.0243191.pdf
Bress AP, Cohen JB, Anstey DE, Conroy MB, Ferdinand KC, Fontil V, et al. Inequities in Hypertension Control in the United States Exposed and Exacerbated by COVID‐19 and the Role of Home Blood Pressure and Virtual Health Care During and After the COVID‐19 Pandemic. Am Heart Assoc[Internet]. 2021[citado 26 Abr 2023 ];10(11): e020997. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8483507/pdf/JAH3-10-e020997.pdf
Kompaniyets L, Pennington AF, Goodman AB, Rosenblum HG, Belay B, Ko JY, et al. Underlying Medical Conditions and Severe Illness Among 540,667 Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19, March 2020–March 2021. Prev Chronic Dis[Internet]. 2021[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 18: E66. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8269743/pdf/PCD-18-E66.pdf
Zaki N, Alashwal H, Ibrahim S. Association of hypertension, diabetes, stroke, cancer, kidney disease, and high-cholesterol with COVID-19 disease severity and fatality: A systematic review. Diabetes Metab Syndr[Internet]. 2020[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 14(5): 1133–42. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340589/
Perez A, Naljayan M, Shuja I, Florea A, Reisin E. Hypertension, Obesity, and COVID-19: a Collision of Pandemics. Curr Hypertens Rep[Internet]. 2021[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 23(6): 36-44. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8241408/
Xia F, Zhang M, Cui B, An W, Chen M, Yang P, et al. COVID-19 patients with hypertension are at potential risk of worsened organ injury. Sci Rep[Internet]. 2021[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 11(1): e3779. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7881102/
Savoia C, Volpe M, Kreutz R. Hypertension, a Moving Target in COVID-19: Current Views and Perspectives. Circ Res[Internet]. 2021[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 128(7): 1062–79. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8011346/pdf/res-128-1062.pdf
Du Y, Zhou N, Zha W, Lv Y. Hypertension is a clinically important risk factor for critical illness and mortality in COVID-19: A meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis[Internet]. 2021[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 31(3): 745–55. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7831720/
Mubarik S, Liu X, Eshak ES, Liu K, Liu Q, Wang F, et al. The Association of Hypertension With the Severity of and Mortality From theCOVID-19 in the Early Stage of the Epidemic in Wuhan, China: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Med[Internet]. 2021[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 8:e623608. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8149896/pdf/fmed-08-623608.pdf
Batiha GE, Gari A, Elshony N, Shaheen HM, Abubakar MB, Adeyemi SB, et al. Hypertension and its management in COVID-19 patients: The assorted view. Int J Cardiol Cardiovasc Risk Prev[Internet]. 2021[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 11: e200121. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8590508/pdf/main.pdf
Reyes C, Pistillo A, Fernández-Bertolín S, Recalde M, Roel E, Puente D, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 with and without prevalent hypertension: a multinational cohort study. BMJ Open[Internet]. 2021[citado 26 Abr 2023 ];11:e057632. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8704062/pdf/bmjopen-2021-057632.pdf
Sun Y, Guan X, Jia L, Ning Xing, Liuquan Cheng, Bo Liu, et al. Independent and combined effects of hypertension and diabetes on clinical outcomes in patients with COVID‐19: A retrospective cohort study of Huoshen Mountain Hospital and Guanggu Fangcang Shelter Hospital. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) [Internet]. 2021[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 23(2): 218–31. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8029850/pdf/JCH-23-218.pdf
Shibata S, Arima H, Asayama K, Hoshide S, Ichihara A, Ishimitsu T, et al. Hypertension and related diseases in the era of COVID-19: a report from the Japanese Society of Hypertension Task Force on COVID-19. Hypertens Res[Internet]. 2020[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]: 43(10):1028-46. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7393334/
Shah H, Khan MS, Dhurandhar NV, Hegde V. The triumvirate: why hypertension, obesity, and diabetes are risk factors for adverse effects in patients with COVID-19. Acta Diabetol[Internet]. 2021[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 58(7): 831–43. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7882857/
Fresán U, Guevara M, Trobajo-Sanmartín C, Burgui C, Ezpeleta C, Castilla J. Hypertension and Related Comorbidities as Potential Risk Factors for COVID-19 Hospitalization and Severity: A Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study. J Clin Med[Internet].2021[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 10(6): e1194. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8000595/
Abayomi A, Osibogun A, Kanma-Okafor O, Idris J, Bowale A, Wright O, et al. Morbidity and mortality outcomes of COVID-19 patients with and without hypertension in Lagos, Nigeria: a retrospective cohort study. Glob Health Res Policy[Internet]. 2021[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 6(1): 26-32. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8319704/
Stokes AC, Lundberg DJ, Elo IT, Hempstead K, Bor J, Preston SH. COVID-19 and excess mortality in the United States: A county-level analysis. PLoS Med[Internet]. 2021[citado 26 Abr 2023];18(5):e1003571. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8136644/ https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003571
McFarlane E, Linschoten M, Asselbergs FW, Lacy PS, Jedrzejewski D, Williams B, et al. The impact of pre-existing hypertension and its treatment on outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Hypertens Res[Internet]. 2022[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]: 45: 834–45. Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41440-022-00893-5 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-022-00893-5
Shalaeva EV, Shadmanov AК, Azizova FL, Mirakhmedova KhT, Messerli FH, Franco OH, Saner H. Is Lone Hypertension a Risk Factor for More Severe COVID-19 Outcomes?. Global Heart[Internet]. 2022[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 17(1): 17. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8896243/ https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.1099
Castro Gutiérrez EC, Torres Cancino II, González Landrián L, Díaz Cuéllar FE, Bonet Cuervo M. Comportamiento de la covid-19 en Matanzas, a cien días de la pandemia en Cuba. Rev Med Electrón [Internet]. 2021 Abr [citado 26 Abr 2023 ] ; 43( 2 ): 3033-46. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1684-18242021000203033&lng=es.
León-Alvarez J, Calderón-Martínez M, Gutiérrez-Rojas A. Análisis de mortalidad y comorbilidad por COVID-19 en Cuba. Revista Cubana de Medicina [Internet]. 2020 [citado 26 Abr 2023]; 60 (2) :[aprox. 10 p.]. Disponible en: https://revmedicina.sld.cu/index.php/med/article/view/2117
Edmonston DL, South AM, Sparks MA, Cohen JB. Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Hypertension: The Role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 and the Renin-Angiotensin System. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis[Internet]. 2020[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 27(5): 404–11. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7334971/
Kreutz R, Algharably EA, Azizi M, Dobrowolski P, Guzik T, Januszewicz A, et al. Hypertension, the renin–angiotensin system, and the risk of lower respiratory tract infections and lung injury: implications for COVID-19: European Society of Hypertension COVID-19 Task Force Review of Evidence. Cardiovasc Res [Internet]. 2020[citado 26 Abr 2023 ];116(10):1688-99. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7184480/
Cheng X, Cai G, Wen X, Gao L, Jiang D, Sun M, et al. Clinical characteristics and fatal outcomes of hypertension in patients with severe COVID-19. Aging (Albany NY) [Internet]. 2020[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 12(23): 23436–49. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7762496/pdf/aging-12-104019.pdf
Semenzato L, Botton J, Drouin J, Baricault B, Vabre C, Cuenot F, Penso L, Herlemont P, Sbidian E, Weill A, Dray-Spira R, Zureik M. Antihypertensive Drugs and COVID-19 Risk: A Cohort Study of 2 Million Hypertensive Patients. Hypertension[Internet]. 2021 [citado 26 Abr 2023];77(3):833-42. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7884243/pdf/hyp-77-833.pdf
Giralt-Herrera A, Rojas-Velázquez J, Leiva-Enríquez J. Relación entre COVID-19 e Hipertensión Arterial. Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas [Internet]. 2020 [citado 26 Abr 2023]; 19 (2) :[aprox. 10 p.].Disponible en: https://revhabanera.sld.cu/index.php/rhab/article/view/3246
Nam J-H, Park JI, Kim B-J, Kim H-T, Lee J-H, Lee C-H, et al. Clinical impact of blood pressure variability in patients with COVID-19 and hypertension. Blood Press Monit [Internet]. 2021[citado 26 Abr 2023];26(5):348–56. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8423029/
Pranata R, Lim MA, Huang I Raharjo SB, Lukito AA. Hypertension is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst[Internet]. 2020[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 21(2): 1-11. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7231906/pdf/10.1177_1470320320926899.pdf
Peng M, He J, Xue Y, Yang X, Liu S, Gong Z. Role of Hypertension on the Severity of COVID-19: A Review. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol[Internet]. 2021[citado 2022 Abr 26]; 78(5): e648–e655. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8562915/pdf/jcvp-78-e648.pdf
Jia GH, Sowers JR. Management of hypertension in patients with COVID-19: Implication of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Cardiol Plus[Internet]. 2021[citado 26 Abr 2023 ];6(2):10-7. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8958941/pdf/cp-6-210.pdf
Sparks MA, South AM, Badley AD, Baker-Smith CM, Batlle D, Bozkurt B, et al. SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, and the Renin-Angiotensin System: Pressing Needs and Best Research Practices. Hypertension[Internet]. 2020[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 76(5): 1350–67. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7685174/pdf/nihms-1619723.pdf
Kario K, Morisawa Y, Sukonthasarn A, Turana Y, ChiaYC, Park S, et al. Hypertension Cardiovascular Outcome Prevention, Evidence in Asia (HOPE Asia) Network. COVID-19 and hypertension—evidence and practical management: Guidance from the HOPE Asia Network. J Clin Hypertens[Internet]. 2020[citado 26 Abr 2023 ];22(7):1109–19. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7361740/
Tadic M, Cuspidi C, Mancia G, Dell’Oro R, Grassi G. COVID-19, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases: Should we change the therapy? Pharmacol Res[Internet]. 2020[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 158: e104906. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7217779/
Gu SX, Tyagi T, Jain K, Gu VW, Lee SH, Hwa JM, et al. Thrombocytopathy and endotheliopathy: crucial contributors to COVID-19 thromboinflammation. Nat Rev Cardiol[Internet]. 2021[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 18(3): 194–209. Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-020-00469-1
Mancusi C, Grassi G, Borghi C, Ferri C, Muiesan ML, Volpe M, et al. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with COVID-19 Infection: The Results of the SARS-RAS Study of the Italian Society of Hypertension. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev[Internet]. 2021[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 28(1): 5–11. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7816058/
Rizk JG, Wenziger C, Tran D, Hashemi L, Moradi H, Streja E, et al. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Use Associated with Reduced Mortality and Other Disease Outcomes in US Veterans with COVID-19. Drugs[Internet]. 2022[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 82(1): 43–54. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8675115/
Li M, Wang Y, Ndiwane N, Orner MB, Palacios N, Mittler B, et al. The association of COVID-19 occurrence and severity with the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-II receptor blockers in patients with hypertension. PLoS One [Internet]. 2021[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 16(3):e0248652. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7971559/
THE COVID-19 RISk and Treatments (CORIST) Collaboration. RAAS inhibitors are not associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients: Findings from an observational multicenter study in Italy and a meta-analysis of 19 studies. Vascul Pharmacol[Internet]. 2020[citado 26 Abr 2023 ]; 135: e106805. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7521934/pdf/main.pdf
